Structural Organization in Animals and Plants

Course Content

Morphology and Modifications of Flowering Plants

Overview of plant morphology and its importance

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External and internal structures of roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds

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Types of modifications in plants, such as root modifications (e.g. taproot, adventitious roots), stem modifications (e.g. rhizome, tuber), and leaf modifications (e.g. tendrils, spines)

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Functions of various plant structures and modifications

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10 Sets of MCQs

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Tissues in Flowering Plants

Anatomy and Functions of Different Parts of Flowering Plants

Anatomy of the root: root cap, meristematic zone, elongation zone, maturation zone, and root hairs

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Functions of roots: absorption of water and nutrients, anchorage, storage, and conduction

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Anatomy of the stem: nodes, internodes, buds, leaves, and vascular bundles

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Types of stems: herbaceous and woody stems, modifications of stems (e.g. rhizomes, stolons, tubers)

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Functions of stems: support, conduction, and storage

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Anatomy of the leaf: epidermis, stomata, mesophyll, and veins

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Types of leaves: simple and compound leaves, modifications of leaves (e.g. tendrils, spines, scales)

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Functions of leaves: photosynthesis, transpiration, and storage

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Types of inflorescence: cymose (e.g. dichasial, monochasial) and racemose (e.g. raceme, spike, panicle)

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Anatomy and arrangement of flowers in inflorescence

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Functions of inflorescence: reproductive structures for pollination and fertilization

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Anatomy of the flower: floral parts (e.g. sepals, petals, stamens, pistils), types of flowers (e.g. complete, incomplete, perfect, imperfect), and floral symmetry

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Pollination mechanisms: wind, water, insects, animals, and self-pollination

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Fertilization process and development of fruits and seeds

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Anatomy of fruit: pericarp, seed coat, and types of fruits (e.g. fleshy, dry, dehiscent, indehiscent)

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Functions of fruits: protection and dispersal of seeds

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Anatomy of seed: embryo, endosperm, cotyledon, and seed coat

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Germination process and seedling development

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Animal Tissues

Morphology, Anatomy, and Functions of Different Systems in Insects (Cockroach)

Anatomy of the digestive system: alimentary canal (e.g. mouthparts, foregut, midgut, hindgut) and associated glands (e.g. salivary glands, hepatopancreas)

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Functions of the digestive system: ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination

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Anatomy of the circulatory system: open circulatory system in insects (e.g. dorsal vessel, aorta, ostia)

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Functions of the circulatory system: transport of nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products

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Anatomy of the respiratory system: tracheal system in insects (e.g. spiracles, tracheae, tracheoles)

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Mechanisms of respiration in insects: diffusion, spiracles opening and closing, and tracheal air sacs

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Functions of the respiratory system: gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) and regulation of water loss

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Anatomy of the nervous system: brain, ventral nerve cord, ganglia, and nerves

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Functions of the nervous system: coordination, sensory perception, and motor control in insects

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Anatomy of the reproductive system: male and female reproductive organs (e.g. testes, ovaries, seminal vesicles, oviducts)

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Reproductive strategies in insects: sexual reproduction, mating, fertilization, and development of eggs and embryos

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Functions of the reproductive system: production of offspring and continuation of the species

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Course Content

Morphology and Modifications of Flowering Plants

Overview of plant morphology and its importance

External and internal structures of roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds

Types of modifications in plants, such as root modifications (e.g. taproot, adventitious roots), stem modifications (e.g. rhizome, tuber), and leaf modifications (e.g. tendrils, spines)

Functions of various plant structures and modifications

10 Sets of MCQs

Tissues in Flowering Plants

Types of plant tissues: meristematic, permanent, and secretory tissues

Characteristics, location, and functions of meristematic tissues (apical meristem, lateral meristem, and intercalary meristem)

Types and functions of permanent tissues: simple and complex tissues (e.g. parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem, phloem)

Secretory tissues in plants: types (e.g. glandular trichomes, resin ducts), structures, and functions

Anatomy and Functions of Different Parts of Flowering Plants

Anatomy of the root: root cap, meristematic zone, elongation zone, maturation zone, and root hairs

Functions of roots: absorption of water and nutrients, anchorage, storage, and conduction

Anatomy of the stem: nodes, internodes, buds, leaves, and vascular bundles

Types of stems: herbaceous and woody stems, modifications of stems (e.g. rhizomes, stolons, tubers)

Functions of stems: support, conduction, and storage

Anatomy of the leaf: epidermis, stomata, mesophyll, and veins

Types of leaves: simple and compound leaves, modifications of leaves (e.g. tendrils, spines, scales)

Functions of leaves: photosynthesis, transpiration, and storage

Types of inflorescence: cymose (e.g. dichasial, monochasial) and racemose (e.g. raceme, spike, panicle)

Anatomy and arrangement of flowers in inflorescence

Functions of inflorescence: reproductive structures for pollination and fertilization

Anatomy of the flower: floral parts (e.g. sepals, petals, stamens, pistils), types of flowers (e.g. complete, incomplete, perfect, imperfect), and floral symmetry

Pollination mechanisms: wind, water, insects, animals, and self-pollination

Fertilization process and development of fruits and seeds

Anatomy of fruit: pericarp, seed coat, and types of fruits (e.g. fleshy, dry, dehiscent, indehiscent)

Functions of fruits: protection and dispersal of seeds

Anatomy of seed: embryo, endosperm, cotyledon, and seed coat

Germination process and seedling development

Animal Tissues

Overview of animal tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues

Characteristics, location, and functions of different types of animal tissues

Morphology, Anatomy, and Functions of Different Systems in Insects (Cockroach)

Anatomy of the digestive system: alimentary canal (e.g. mouthparts, foregut, midgut, hindgut) and associated glands (e.g. salivary glands, hepatopancreas)

Functions of the digestive system: ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination

Anatomy of the circulatory system: open circulatory system in insects (e.g. dorsal vessel, aorta, ostia)

Functions of the circulatory system: transport of nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products

Anatomy of the respiratory system: tracheal system in insects (e.g. spiracles, tracheae, tracheoles)

Mechanisms of respiration in insects: diffusion, spiracles opening and closing, and tracheal air sacs

Functions of the respiratory system: gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) and regulation of water loss

Anatomy of the nervous system: brain, ventral nerve cord, ganglia, and nerves

Functions of the nervous system: coordination, sensory perception, and motor control in insects

Anatomy of the reproductive system: male and female reproductive organs (e.g. testes, ovaries, seminal vesicles, oviducts)

Reproductive strategies in insects: sexual reproduction, mating, fertilization, and development of eggs and embryos

Functions of the reproductive system: production of offspring and continuation of the species

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